Application and Related Object Schematic Viewer

ABSTRACT

A system could include persistent storage containing application components. A plurality of software applications could be installed on the system. The software applications could be respectively associated context records that include references to application components that provide some behavior or data for the software applications. The system could also include processors configured to perform operations. The operations could include receiving a request to generate a topology map for a software application and identifying, based on a context record for the software application, a subset of application components that provide some behavior or data for the software application. The operations could further include determining relationship types between pairs of application components and generating a topology map for the software application. The subset of application components may be represented as nodes in the topology map, and edges between the nodes may be defined from relationship types between corresponding pairs of application components.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/934,356, filed Jul. 21, 2020, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

A remote network management platform may support the creation of customsoftware applications for enterprise users. These custom applicationscan range from simple web forms to workflow management and otherproductivity tools. To facilitate rapid development of suchapplications, the remote network management platform may support a setof application components. For example, these application components mayinclude a set of widgets for graphical user interface (GUI) development.

SUMMARY

A remote network management platform could offer various pre-constructedsoftware applications. Such pre-constructed software applications couldinclude, for example, device and software discovery applications,service mapping applications, information technology (IT) operations andservice management applications, machine learning applications, and soon. These pre-constructed software applications could be developed bydevelopers or operators of the remote network management platform or bya third-party entity.

Occasionally, however, an enterprise user could have a uniquerequirement that cannot be addressed by any of the pre-constructedsoftware applications offered by the remote network management platform.For instance, if the enterprise user frequently engages intelemarketing, then the enterprise user may require a customtelemarketing management application. To handle this scenario, theremote network management platform may support the creation of customsoftware applications. These custom software applications could be newsoftware applications or could be built on top of existing,pre-constructed software applications. Further, these custom softwareapplications may be executable within the remote network managementplatform, and could thus take full advantage of the infrastructure andcomputational services offered by the remote network managementplatform.

To facilitate the development of custom software applications, theremote network management platform may support a set of applicationcomponents, such as widgets for GUI development, pre-populated databasetables containing records, user authentication services, and the like.Such application components could eliminate unnecessary developmentcomplexity and enable applications built using the remote networkmanagement platform to have a common look and feel.

A custom software application could have hundreds, if not thousands, ofthese application components. Each application component could beconfigured to provide a specific service and could be interconnectedwith one or more other application components to provide a compoundservice. For instance, a first application component could pass data toa second application component, which in turn may perform processing onthe data and pass the processed data to a third application component.Yet, while the services of an individual application component can beviewed, the services that application components provide in combinationmay not be apparent by examining any one thereof.

To address this issue, the present disclosure provides for the conceptof an “application topology map.” As detailed below, an applicationtopology map could be a visual representation specifying the applicationcomponents that contribute to a software application. The applicationtopology map could depict the application components as nodes in agraph, with edges in the graph representing logical dependencies betweenthe application components. Advantageously, the application topology mapcan help an enterprise user understand the application componentsimpacted, for example, by a failed application component or by anapplication component that is to be taken out of service for an upgrade.The application component map could also help the enterprise userdetermine the root cause of a problem that impacts the performance oravailability of an application component within the softwareapplication.

In accordance with the disclosure, the remote network managementplatform could include an application topology tool that could generateapplication topology maps for software applications installed on theremote network management platform. During operations, the applicationtopology tool could identify, from an application context recordassociated with a given software application, the various applicationcomponents that form the given software application. With theapplication components identified, the application topology tool couldthen determinate relationships between the various applicationcomponents. Finally, by exploring those determined relationships, anapplication topology map for the given software application could beproduced.

Accordingly, a first example embodiment may involve a system thatincludes persistent storage containing application components. Aplurality of software applications may be installed on the system. Theplurality of software applications may be respectively associated withapplication context records that include references to one or more ofthe application components that provide at least some behavior or datarelated to the plurality of software applications. The system may alsoinclude one or more processors configured to perform operations. Theoperations may include receiving, from a client device, a request togenerate an application topology map for a software application from theplurality of software applications. The operations may further includeidentifying, based on an application context record associated with thesoftware application, a subset of application components that provide atleast some behavior or data related to the software application. Theoperations may also include determining, based on the subset ofapplication components, relationship types between pairs of applicationcomponents from the subset of application components. The operations mayadditionally include generating an application topology map for thesoftware application, where the subset of application components arerepresented as nodes in the application topology map, and where edgesbetween the nodes are defined based on the relationship types betweencorresponding pairs of application components. The operations may alsoinclude providing, for display on the client device, a representation ofthe application topology map.

In a second example embodiment, an article of manufacture may include anon-transitory computer-readable medium, having stored thereon programinstructions that, upon execution by a computing system, cause thecomputing system to perform operations in accordance with the firstexample embodiment.

In a third example embodiment, a computing system may include at leastone processor, as well as memory and program instructions. The programinstructions may be stored in the memory, and upon execution by the atleast one processor, cause the computing system to perform operations inaccordance with the first example embodiment.

In a fourth example embodiment, a system may include various means forcarrying out each of the operations of the first example embodiment.

These, as well as other embodiments, aspects, advantages, andalternatives, will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artby reading the following detailed description, with reference whereappropriate to the accompanying drawings. Further, this summary andother descriptions and figures provided herein are intended toillustrate embodiments by way of example only and, as such, thatnumerous variations are possible. For instance, structural elements andprocess steps can be rearranged, combined, distributed, eliminated, orotherwise changed, while remaining within the scope of the embodimentsas claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic drawing of a computing device, inaccordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic drawing of a server device cluster, inaccordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 3 depicts a remote network management architecture, in accordancewith example embodiments.

FIG. 4 depicts a communication environment involving a remote networkmanagement architecture, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 5A depicts another communication environment involving a remotenetwork management architecture, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 5B is a flow chart, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 6A depicts a network architecture, in accordance with exampleembodiments.

FIG. 6B depicts example application components, in accordance withexample embodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates an application topology map, in accordance withexample embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating example operations of a applicationtopology tool, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 9 depicts an application context record, in accordance with exampleembodiments.

FIG. 10A illustrates a schema, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 10B depicts a source code file, in accordance with exampleembodiments.

FIG. 11 illustrates a topology specification, in accordance with exampleembodiments.

FIG. 12 is a flow chart, in accordance with example embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example methods, devices, and systems are described herein. It should beunderstood that the words “example” and “exemplary” are used herein tomean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodimentor feature described herein as being an “example” or “exemplary” is notnecessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over otherembodiments or features unless stated as such. Thus, other embodimentscan be utilized and other changes can be made without departing from thescope of the subject matter presented herein.

Accordingly, the example embodiments described herein are not meant tobe limiting. It will be readily understood that the aspects of thepresent disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated inthe figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, anddesigned in a wide variety of different configurations. For example, theseparation of features into “client” and “server” components may occurin a number of ways.

Further, unless context suggests otherwise, the features illustrated ineach of the figures may be used in combination with one another. Thus,the figures should be generally viewed as component aspects of one ormore overall embodiments, with the understanding that not allillustrated features are necessary for each embodiment.

Additionally, any enumeration of elements, blocks, or steps in thisspecification or the claims is for purposes of clarity. Thus, suchenumeration should not be interpreted to require or imply that theseelements, blocks, or steps adhere to a particular arrangement or arecarried out in a particular order.

I. INTRODUCTION

A large enterprise is a complex entity with many interrelatedoperations. Some of these are found across the enterprise, such as humanresources (HR), supply chain, information technology (IT), and finance.However, each enterprise also has its own unique operations that provideessential capabilities and/or create competitive advantages.

To support widely-implemented operations, enterprises typically useoff-the-shelf software applications, such as customer relationshipmanagement (CRM) and human capital management (HCM) packages. However,they may also need custom software applications to meet their own uniquerequirements. A large enterprise often has dozens or hundreds of thesecustom software applications. Nonetheless, the advantages provided bythe embodiments herein are not limited to large enterprises and may beapplicable to an enterprise, or any other type of organization, of anysize.

Many such software applications are developed by individual departmentswithin the enterprise. These range from simple spreadsheets tocustom-built software tools and databases. But the proliferation ofsiloed custom software applications has numerous disadvantages. Itnegatively impacts an enterprise's ability to run and grow itsoperations, innovate, and meet regulatory requirements. The enterprisemay find it difficult to integrate, streamline, and enhance itsoperations due to lack of a single system that unifies its subsystemsand data.

To efficiently create custom applications, enterprises would benefitfrom a remotely-hosted application platform that eliminates unnecessarydevelopment complexity. The goal of such a platform would be to reducetime-consuming, repetitive application development tasks so thatsoftware engineers and individuals in other roles can focus ondeveloping unique, high-value features.

In order to achieve this goal, the concept of Application Platform as aService (aPaaS) is introduced, to intelligently automate workflowsthroughout the enterprise. An aPaaS system is hosted remotely from theenterprise, but may access data, applications, and services within theenterprise by way of secure connections. Such an aPaaS system may have anumber of advantageous capabilities and characteristics. Theseadvantages and characteristics may be able to improve the enterprise'soperations and workflows for IT, HR, CRM, customer service, applicationdevelopment, and security.

The aPaaS system may support development and execution ofmodel-view-controller (MVC) applications. MVC applications divide theirfunctionality into three interconnected parts (model, view, andcontroller) in order to isolate representations of information from themanner in which the information is presented to the user, therebyallowing for efficient code reuse and parallel development. Theseapplications may be web-based, and offer create, read, update, delete(CRUD) capabilities. This allows new applications to be built on acommon application infrastructure.

The aPaaS system may support standardized application components, suchas a standardized set of widgets for graphical user interface (GUI)development. In this way, applications built using the aPaaS system havea common look and feel. Other software components and modules may bestandardized as well. In some cases, this look and feel can be brandedor skinned with an enterprise's custom logos and/or color schemes.

The aPaaS system may support the ability to configure the behavior ofapplications using metadata. This allows application behaviors to berapidly adapted to meet specific needs. Such an approach reducesdevelopment time and increases flexibility. Further, the aPaaS systemmay support GUI tools that facilitate metadata creation and management,thus reducing errors in the metadata.

The aPaaS system may support clearly-defined interfaces betweenapplications, so that software developers can avoid unwantedinter-application dependencies. Thus, the aPaaS system may implement aservice layer in which persistent state information and other data arestored.

The aPaaS system may support a rich set of integration features so thatthe applications thereon can interact with legacy applications andthird-party applications. For instance, the aPaaS system may support acustom employee-onboarding system that integrates with legacy HR, IT,and accounting systems.

The aPaaS system may support enterprise-grade security. Furthermore,since the aPaaS system may be remotely hosted, it should also utilizesecurity procedures when it interacts with systems in the enterprise orthird-party networks and services hosted outside of the enterprise. Forexample, the aPaaS system may be configured to share data amongst theenterprise and other parties to detect and identify common securitythreats.

Other features, functionality, and advantages of an aPaaS system mayexist. This description is for purpose of example and is not intended tobe limiting.

As an example of the aPaaS development process, a software developer maybe tasked to create a new application using the aPaaS system. First, thedeveloper may define the data model, which specifies the types of datathat the application uses and the relationships therebetween. Then, viaa GUI of the aPaaS system, the developer enters (e.g., uploads) the datamodel. The aPaaS system automatically creates all of the correspondingdatabase tables, fields, and relationships, which can then be accessedvia an object-oriented services layer.

In addition, the aPaaS system can also build a fully-functional MVCapplication with client-side interfaces and server-side CRUD logic. Thisgenerated application may serve as the basis of further development forthe user. Advantageously, the developer does not have to spend a largeamount of time on basic application functionality. Further, since theapplication may be web-based, it can be accessed from anyInternet-enabled client device. Alternatively or additionally, a localcopy of the application may be able to be accessed, for instance, whenInternet service is not available.

The aPaaS system may also support a rich set of pre-definedfunctionality that can be added to applications. These features includesupport for searching, email, templating, workflow design, reporting,analytics, social media, scripting, mobile-friendly output, andcustomized GUIs.

Such an aPaaS system may represent a GUI in various ways. For example, aserver device of the aPaaS system may generate a representation of a GUIusing a combination of HTML, and JAVASCRIPT®. The JAVASCRIPT® mayinclude client-side executable code, server-side executable code, orboth. The server device may transmit or otherwise provide thisrepresentation to a client device for the client device to display on ascreen according to its locally-defined look and feel. Alternatively, arepresentation of a GUI may take other forms, such as an intermediateform (e.g., JAVA® byte-code) that a client device can use to directlygenerate graphical output therefrom. Other possibilities exist.

Further, user interaction with GUI elements, such as buttons, menus,tabs, sliders, checkboxes, toggles, etc. may be referred to as“selection”, “activation”, or “actuation” thereof. These terms may beused regardless of whether the GUI elements are interacted with by wayof keyboard, pointing device, touchscreen, or another mechanism.

An aPaaS architecture is particularly powerful when integrated with anenterprise's network and used to manage such a network. The followingembodiments describe architectural and functional aspects of exampleaPaaS systems, as well as the features and advantages thereof.

II. EXAMPLE COMPUTING DEVICES AND CLOUD-BASED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram exemplifying a computing device100, illustrating some of the components that could be included in acomputing device arranged to operate in accordance with the embodimentsherein. Computing device 100 could be a client device (e.g., a deviceactively operated by a user), a server device (e.g., a device thatprovides computational services to client devices), or some other typeof computational platform. Some server devices may operate as clientdevices from time to time in order to perform particular operations, andsome client devices may incorporate server features.

In this example, computing device 100 includes processor 102, memory104, network interface 106, and input/output unit 108, all of which maybe coupled by system bus 110 or a similar mechanism. In someembodiments, computing device 100 may include other components and/orperipheral devices (e.g., detachable storage, printers, and so on).

Processor 102 may be one or more of any type of computer processingelement, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a co-processor (e.g.,a mathematics, graphics, or encryption co-processor), a digital signalprocessor (DSP), a network processor, and/or a form of integratedcircuit or controller that performs processor operations. In some cases,processor 102 may be one or more single-core processors. In other cases,processor 102 may be one or more multi-core processors with multipleindependent processing units. Processor 102 may also include registermemory for temporarily storing instructions being executed and relateddata, as well as cache memory for temporarily storing recently-usedinstructions and data.

Memory 104 may be any form of computer-usable memory, including but notlimited to random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), andnon-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory, hard disk drives, solid statedrives, compact discs (CDs), digital video discs (DVDs), and/or tapestorage). Thus, memory 104 represents both main memory units, as well aslong-term storage. Other types of memory may include biological memory.

Memory 104 may store program instructions and/or data on which programinstructions may operate. By way of example, memory 104 may store theseprogram instructions on a non-transitory, computer-readable medium, suchthat the instructions are executable by processor 102 to carry out anyof the methods, processes, or operations disclosed in this specificationor the accompanying drawings.

As shown in FIG. 1 , memory 104 may include firmware 104A, kernel 104B,and/or applications 104C. Firmware 104A may be program code used to bootor otherwise initiate some or all of computing device 100. Kernel 104Bmay be an operating system, including modules for memory management,scheduling and management of processes, input/output, and communication.Kernel 104B may also include device drivers that allow the operatingsystem to communicate with the hardware modules (e.g., memory units,networking interfaces, ports, and buses) of computing device 100.Applications 104C may be one or more user-space software programs, suchas web browsers or email clients, as well as any software libraries usedby these programs. Memory 104 may also store data used by these andother programs and applications.

Network interface 106 may take the form of one or more wirelineinterfaces, such as Ethernet (e.g., Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, andso on). Network interface 106 may also support communication over one ormore non-Ethernet media, such as coaxial cables or power lines, or overwide-area media, such as Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) ordigital subscriber line (DSL) technologies. Network interface 106 mayadditionally take the form of one or more wireless interfaces, such asIEEE 802.11 (Wifi), BLUETOOTH®, global positioning system (GPS), or awide-area wireless interface. However, other forms of physical layerinterfaces and other types of standard or proprietary communicationprotocols may be used over network interface 106. Furthermore, networkinterface 106 may comprise multiple physical interfaces. For instance,some embodiments of computing device 100 may include Ethernet,BLUETOOTH®, and Wifi interfaces.

Input/output unit 108 may facilitate user and peripheral deviceinteraction with computing device 100. Input/output unit 108 may includeone or more types of input devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, and so on. Similarly, input/output unit 108 may include one ormore types of output devices, such as a screen, monitor, printer, and/orone or more light emitting diodes (LEDs). Additionally or alternatively,computing device 100 may communicate with other devices using auniversal serial bus (USB) or high-definition multimedia interface(HDMI) port interface, for example.

In some embodiments, one or more computing devices like computing device100 may be deployed to support an aPaaS architecture. The exact physicallocation, connectivity, and configuration of these computing devices maybe unknown and/or unimportant to client devices. Accordingly, thecomputing devices may be referred to as “cloud-based” devices that maybe housed at various remote data center locations.

FIG. 2 depicts a cloud-based server cluster 200 in accordance withexample embodiments. In FIG. 2 , operations of a computing device (e.g.,computing device 100) may be distributed between server devices 202,data storage 204, and routers 206, all of which may be connected bylocal cluster network 208. The number of server devices 202, datastorages 204, and routers 206 in server cluster 200 may depend on thecomputing task(s) and/or applications assigned to server cluster 200.

For example, server devices 202 can be configured to perform variouscomputing tasks of computing device 100. Thus, computing tasks can bedistributed among one or more of server devices 202. To the extent thatthese computing tasks can be performed in parallel, such a distributionof tasks may reduce the total time to complete these tasks and return aresult. For purposes of simplicity, both server cluster 200 andindividual server devices 202 may be referred to as a “server device.”This nomenclature should be understood to imply that one or moredistinct server devices, data storage devices, and cluster routers maybe involved in server device operations.

Data storage 204 may be data storage arrays that include drive arraycontrollers configured to manage read and write access to groups of harddisk drives and/or solid state drives. The drive array controllers,alone or in conjunction with server devices 202, may also be configuredto manage backup or redundant copies of the data stored in data storage204 to protect against drive failures or other types of failures thatprevent one or more of server devices 202 from accessing units of datastorage 204. Other types of memory aside from drives may be used.

Routers 206 may include networking equipment configured to provideinternal and external communications for server cluster 200. Forexample, routers 206 may include one or more packet-switching and/orrouting devices (including switches and/or gateways) configured toprovide (i) network communications between server devices 202 and datastorage 204 via local cluster network 208, and/or (ii) networkcommunications between server cluster 200 and other devices viacommunication link 210 to network 212.

Additionally, the configuration of routers 206 can be based at least inpart on the data communication requirements of server devices 202 anddata storage 204, the latency and throughput of the local clusternetwork 208, the latency, throughput, and cost of communication link210, and/or other factors that may contribute to the cost, speed,fault-tolerance, resiliency, efficiency, and/or other design goals ofthe system architecture.

As a possible example, data storage 204 may include any form ofdatabase, such as a structured query language (SQL) database. Varioustypes of data structures may store the information in such a database,including but not limited to tables, arrays, lists, trees, and tuples.Furthermore, any databases in data storage 204 may be monolithic ordistributed across multiple physical devices.

Server devices 202 may be configured to transmit data to and receivedata from data storage 204. This transmission and retrieval may take theform of SQL queries or other types of database queries, and the outputof such queries, respectively. Additional text, images, video, and/oraudio may be included as well. Furthermore, server devices 202 mayorganize the received data into web page or web applicationrepresentations. Such a representation may take the form of a markuplanguage, such as the hypertext markup language (HTML), the extensiblemarkup language (XML), or some other standardized or proprietary format.Moreover, server devices 202 may have the capability of executingvarious types of computerized scripting languages, such as but notlimited to Perl, Python, PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), Active ServerPages (ASP), JAVASCRIPT®, and so on. Computer program code written inthese languages may facilitate the providing of web pages to clientdevices, as well as client device interaction with the web pages.Alternatively or additionally, JAVA® may be used to facilitategeneration of web pages and/or to provide web application functionality.

III. EXAMPLE REMOTE NETWORK MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE

FIG. 3 depicts a remote network management architecture, in accordancewith example embodiments. This architecture includes three maincomponents—managed network 300, remote network management platform 320,and public cloud networks 340—all connected by way of Internet 350.

A. Managed Networks

Managed network 300 may be, for example, an enterprise network used byan entity for computing and communications tasks, as well as storage ofdata. Thus, managed network 300 may include client devices 302, serverdevices 304, routers 306, virtual machines 308, firewall 310, and/orproxy servers 312. Client devices 302 may be embodied by computingdevice 100, server devices 304 may be embodied by computing device 100or server cluster 200, and routers 306 may be any type of router,switch, or gateway.

Virtual machines 308 may be embodied by one or more of computing device100 or server cluster 200. In general, a virtual machine is an emulationof a computing system, and mimics the functionality (e.g., processor,memory, and communication resources) of a physical computer. Onephysical computing system, such as server cluster 200, may support up tothousands of individual virtual machines. In some embodiments, virtualmachines 308 may be managed by a centralized server device orapplication that facilitates allocation of physical computing resourcesto individual virtual machines, as well as performance and errorreporting. Enterprises often employ virtual machines in order toallocate computing resources in an efficient, as needed fashion.Providers of virtualized computing systems include VMWARE® andMICROSOFT®.

Firewall 310 may be one or more specialized routers or server devicesthat protect managed network 300 from unauthorized attempts to accessthe devices, applications, and services therein, while allowingauthorized communication that is initiated from managed network 300.Firewall 310 may also provide intrusion detection, web filtering, virusscanning, application-layer gateways, and other applications orservices. In some embodiments not shown in FIG. 3 , managed network 300may include one or more virtual private network (VPN) gateways withwhich it communicates with remote network management platform 320 (seebelow).

Managed network 300 may also include one or more proxy servers 312. Anembodiment of proxy servers 312 may be a server application thatfacilitates communication and movement of data between managed network300, remote network management platform 320, and public cloud networks340. In particular, proxy servers 312 may be able to establish andmaintain secure communication sessions with one or more computationalinstances of remote network management platform 320. By way of such asession, remote network management platform 320 may be able to discoverand manage aspects of the architecture and configuration of managednetwork 300 and its components. Possibly with the assistance of proxyservers 312, remote network management platform 320 may also be able todiscover and manage aspects of public cloud networks 340 that are usedby managed network 300.

Firewalls, such as firewall 310, typically deny all communicationsessions that are incoming by way of Internet 350, unless such a sessionwas ultimately initiated from behind the firewall (i.e., from a deviceon managed network 300) or the firewall has been explicitly configuredto support the session. By placing proxy servers 312 behind firewall 310(e.g., within managed network 300 and protected by firewall 310), proxyservers 312 may be able to initiate these communication sessions throughfirewall 310. Thus, firewall 310 might not have to be specificallyconfigured to support incoming sessions from remote network managementplatform 320, thereby avoiding potential security risks to managednetwork 300.

In some cases, managed network 300 may consist of a few devices and asmall number of networks. In other deployments, managed network 300 mayspan multiple physical locations and include hundreds of networks andhundreds of thousands of devices. Thus, the architecture depicted inFIG. 3 is capable of scaling up or down by orders of magnitude.

Furthermore, depending on the size, architecture, and connectivity ofmanaged network 300, a varying number of proxy servers 312 may bedeployed therein. For example, each one of proxy servers 312 may beresponsible for communicating with remote network management platform320 regarding a portion of managed network 300. Alternatively oradditionally, sets of two or more proxy servers may be assigned to sucha portion of managed network 300 for purposes of load balancing,redundancy, and/or high availability.

B. Remote Network Management Platforms

Remote network management platform 320 is a hosted environment thatprovides aPaaS services to users, particularly to the operator ofmanaged network 300. These services may take the form of web-basedportals, for example, using the aforementioned web-based technologies.Thus, a user can securely access remote network management platform 320from, for example, client devices 302, or potentially from a clientdevice outside of managed network 300. By way of the web-based portals,users may design, test, and deploy applications, generate reports, viewanalytics, and perform other tasks.

As shown in FIG. 3 , remote network management platform 320 includesfour computational instances 322, 324, 326, and 328. Each of thesecomputational instances may represent one or more server nodes operatingdedicated copies of the aPaaS software and/or one or more databasenodes. The arrangement of server and database nodes on physical serverdevices and/or virtual machines can be flexible and may vary based onenterprise needs. In combination, these nodes may provide a set of webportals, services, and applications (e.g., a wholly-functioning aPaaSsystem) available to a particular enterprise. In some cases, a singleenterprise may use multiple computational instances.

For example, managed network 300 may be an enterprise customer of remotenetwork management platform 320, and may use computational instances322, 324, and 326. The reason for providing multiple computationalinstances to one customer is that the customer may wish to independentlydevelop, test, and deploy its applications and services. Thus,computational instance 322 may be dedicated to application developmentrelated to managed network 300, computational instance 324 may bededicated to testing these applications, and computational instance 326may be dedicated to the live operation of tested applications andservices. A computational instance may also be referred to as a hostedinstance, a remote instance, a customer instance, or by some otherdesignation. Any application deployed onto a computational instance maybe a scoped application, in that its access to databases within thecomputational instance can be restricted to certain elements therein(e.g., one or more particular database tables or particular rows withinone or more database tables).

For purposes of clarity, the disclosure herein refers to the arrangementof application nodes, database nodes, aPaaS software executing thereon,and underlying hardware as a “computational instance.” Note that usersmay colloquially refer to the graphical user interfaces provided therebyas “instances.” But unless it is defined otherwise herein, a“computational instance” is a computing system disposed within remotenetwork management platform 320.

The multi-instance architecture of remote network management platform320 is in contrast to conventional multi-tenant architectures, overwhich multi-instance architectures exhibit several advantages. Inmulti-tenant architectures, data from different customers (e.g.,enterprises) are comingled in a single database. While these customers'data are separate from one another, the separation is enforced by thesoftware that operates the single database. As a consequence, a securitybreach in this system may impact all customers' data, creatingadditional risk, especially for entities subject to governmental,healthcare, and/or financial regulation. Furthermore, any databaseoperations that impact one customer will likely impact all customerssharing that database. Thus, if there is an outage due to hardware orsoftware errors, this outage affects all such customers. Likewise, ifthe database is to be upgraded to meet the needs of one customer, itwill be unavailable to all customers during the upgrade process. Often,such maintenance windows will be long, due to the size of the shareddatabase.

In contrast, the multi-instance architecture provides each customer withits own database in a dedicated computing instance. This preventscomingling of customer data, and allows each instance to beindependently managed. For example, when one customer's instanceexperiences an outage due to errors or an upgrade, other computationalinstances are not impacted. Maintenance down time is limited because thedatabase only contains one customer's data. Further, the simpler designof the multi-instance architecture allows redundant copies of eachcustomer database and instance to be deployed in a geographicallydiverse fashion. This facilitates high availability, where the liveversion of the customer's instance can be moved when faults are detectedor maintenance is being performed.

In some embodiments, remote network management platform 320 may includeone or more central instances, controlled by the entity that operatesthis platform. Like a computational instance, a central instance mayinclude some number of application and database nodes disposed upon somenumber of physical server devices or virtual machines. Such a centralinstance may serve as a repository for specific configurations ofcomputational instances as well as data that can be shared amongst atleast some of the computational instances. For instance, definitions ofcommon security threats that could occur on the computational instances,software packages that are commonly discovered on the computationalinstances, and/or an application store for applications that can bedeployed to the computational instances may reside in a centralinstance. Computational instances may communicate with central instancesby way of well-defined interfaces in order to obtain this data.

In order to support multiple computational instances in an efficientfashion, remote network management platform 320 may implement aplurality of these instances on a single hardware platform. For example,when the aPaaS system is implemented on a server cluster such as servercluster 200, it may operate virtual machines that dedicate varyingamounts of computational, storage, and communication resources toinstances. But full virtualization of server cluster 200 might not benecessary, and other mechanisms may be used to separate instances. Insome examples, each instance may have a dedicated account and one ormore dedicated databases on server cluster 200. Alternatively, acomputational instance such as computational instance 322 may spanmultiple physical devices.

In some cases, a single server cluster of remote network managementplatform 320 may support multiple independent enterprises. Furthermore,as described below, remote network management platform 320 may includemultiple server clusters deployed in geographically diverse data centersin order to facilitate load balancing, redundancy, and/or highavailability.

C. Public Cloud Networks

Public cloud networks 340 may be remote server devices (e.g., aplurality of server clusters such as server cluster 200) that can beused for outsourced computation, data storage, communication, andservice hosting operations. These servers may be virtualized (i.e., theservers may be virtual machines). Examples of public cloud networks 340may include AMAZON WEB SERVICES® and MICROSOFT® AZURE®. Like remotenetwork management platform 320, multiple server clusters supportingpublic cloud networks 340 may be deployed at geographically diverselocations for purposes of load balancing, redundancy, and/or highavailability.

Managed network 300 may use one or more of public cloud networks 340 todeploy applications and services to its clients and customers. Forinstance, if managed network 300 provides online music streamingservices, public cloud networks 340 may store the music files andprovide web interface and streaming capabilities. In this way, theenterprise of managed network 300 does not have to build and maintainits own servers for these operations.

Remote network management platform 320 may include modules thatintegrate with public cloud networks 340 to expose virtual machines andmanaged services therein to managed network 300. The modules may allowusers to request virtual resources, discover allocated resources, andprovide flexible reporting for public cloud networks 340. In order toestablish this functionality, a user from managed network 300 mightfirst establish an account with public cloud networks 340, and request aset of associated resources. Then, the user may enter the accountinformation into the appropriate modules of remote network managementplatform 320. These modules may then automatically discover themanageable resources in the account, and also provide reports related tousage, performance, and billing.

D. Communication Support and Other Operations

Internet 350 may represent a portion of the global Internet. However,Internet 350 may alternatively represent a different type of network,such as a private wide-area or local-area packet-switched network.

FIG. 4 further illustrates the communication environment between managednetwork 300 and computational instance 322, and introduces additionalfeatures and alternative embodiments. In FIG. 4 , computational instance322 is replicated across data centers 400A and 400B. These data centersmay be geographically distant from one another, perhaps in differentcities or different countries. Each data center includes supportequipment that facilitates communication with managed network 300, aswell as remote users.

In data center 400A, network traffic to and from external devices flowseither through VPN gateway 402A or firewall 404A. VPN gateway 402A maybe peered with VPN gateway 412 of managed network 300 by way of asecurity protocol such as Internet Protocol Security (IPSEC) orTransport Layer Security (TLS). Firewall 404A may be configured to allowaccess from authorized users, such as user 414 and remote user 416, andto deny access to unauthorized users. By way of firewall 404A, theseusers may access computational instance 322, and possibly othercomputational instances. Load balancer 406A may be used to distributetraffic amongst one or more physical or virtual server devices that hostcomputational instance 322. Load balancer 406A may simplify user accessby hiding the internal configuration of data center 400A, (e.g.,computational instance 322) from client devices. For instance, ifcomputational instance 322 includes multiple physical or virtualcomputing devices that share access to multiple databases, load balancer406A may distribute network traffic and processing tasks across thesecomputing devices and databases so that no one computing device ordatabase is significantly busier than the others. In some embodiments,computational instance 322 may include VPN gateway 402A, firewall 404A,and load balancer 406A.

Data center 400B may include its own versions of the components in datacenter 400A. Thus, VPN gateway 402B, firewall 404B, and load balancer406B may perform the same or similar operations as VPN gateway 402A,firewall 404A, and load balancer 406A, respectively. Further, by way ofreal-time or near-real-time database replication and/or otheroperations, computational instance 322 may exist simultaneously in datacenters 400A and 400B.

Data centers 400A and 400B as shown in FIG. 4 may facilitate redundancyand high availability. In the configuration of FIG. 4 , data center 400Ais active and data center 400B is passive. Thus, data center 400A isserving all traffic to and from managed network 300, while the versionof computational instance 322 in data center 400B is being updated innear-real-time. Other configurations, such as one in which both datacenters are active, may be supported.

Should data center 400A fail in some fashion or otherwise becomeunavailable to users, data center 400B can take over as the active datacenter. For example, domain name system (DNS) servers that associate adomain name of computational instance 322 with one or more InternetProtocol (IP) addresses of data center 400A may re-associate the domainname with one or more IP addresses of data center 400B. After thisre-association completes (which may take less than one second or severalseconds), users may access computational instance 322 by way of datacenter 400B.

FIG. 4 also illustrates a possible configuration of managed network 300.As noted above, proxy servers 312 and user 414 may access computationalinstance 322 through firewall 310. Proxy servers 312 may also accessconfiguration items 410. In FIG. 4 , configuration items 410 may referto any or all of client devices 302, server devices 304, routers 306,and virtual machines 308, any applications or services executingthereon, as well as relationships between devices, applications, andservices. Thus, the term “configuration items” may be shorthand for anyphysical or virtual device, or any application or service remotelydiscoverable or managed by computational instance 322, or relationshipsbetween discovered devices, applications, and services. Configurationitems may be represented in a configuration management database (CMDB)of computational instance 322.

As noted above, VPN gateway 412 may provide a dedicated VPN to VPNgateway 402A. Such a VPN may be helpful when there is a significantamount of traffic between managed network 300 and computational instance322, or security policies otherwise suggest or require use of a VPNbetween these sites. In some embodiments, any device in managed network300 and/or computational instance 322 that directly communicates via theVPN is assigned a public IP address. Other devices in managed network300 and/or computational instance 322 may be assigned private IPaddresses (e.g., IP addresses selected from the 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255or 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255 ranges, represented in shorthand assubnets 10.0.0.0/8 and 192.168.0.0/16, respectively).

IV. EXAMPLE DEVICE, APPLICATION, AND SERVICE DISCOVERY

In order for remote network management platform 320 to administer thedevices, applications, and services of managed network 300, remotenetwork management platform 320 may first determine what devices arepresent in managed network 300, the configurations and operationalstatuses of these devices, and the applications and services provided bythe devices, as well as the relationships between discovered devices,applications, and services. As noted above, each device, application,service, and relationship may be referred to as a configuration item.The process of defining configuration items within managed network 300is referred to as discovery, and may be facilitated at least in part byproxy servers 312.

For purposes of the embodiments herein, an “application” may refer toone or more processes, threads, programs, client modules, servermodules, or any other software that executes on a device or group ofdevices. A “service” may refer to a high-level capability provided bymultiple applications executing on one or more devices working inconjunction with one another. For example, a high-level web service mayinvolve multiple web application server threads executing on one deviceand accessing information from a database application that executes onanother device.

FIG. 5A provides a logical depiction of how configuration items can bediscovered, as well as how information related to discoveredconfiguration items can be stored. For sake of simplicity, remotenetwork management platform 320, public cloud networks 340, and Internet350 are not shown.

In FIG. 5A, CMDB 500 and task list 502 are stored within computationalinstance 322. Computational instance 322 may transmit discovery commandsto proxy servers 312. In response, proxy servers 312 may transmit probesto various devices, applications, and services in managed network 300.These devices, applications, and services may transmit responses toproxy servers 312, and proxy servers 312 may then provide informationregarding discovered configuration items to CMDB 500 for storagetherein. Configuration items stored in CMDB 500 represent theenvironment of managed network 300.

Task list 502 represents a list of activities that proxy servers 312 areto perform on behalf of computational instance 322. As discovery takesplace, task list 502 is populated. Proxy servers 312 repeatedly querytask list 502, obtain the next task therein, and perform this task untiltask list 502 is empty or another stopping condition has been reached.

To facilitate discovery, proxy servers 312 may be configured withinformation regarding one or more subnets in managed network 300 thatare reachable by way of proxy servers 312. For instance, proxy servers312 may be given the IP address range 192.168.0/24 as a subnet. Then,computational instance 322 may store this information in CMDB 500 andplace tasks in task list 502 for discovery of devices at each of theseaddresses.

FIG. 5A also depicts devices, applications, and services in managednetwork 300 as configuration items 504, 506, 508, 510, and 512. As notedabove, these configuration items represent a set of physical and/orvirtual devices (e.g., client devices, server devices, routers, orvirtual machines), applications executing thereon (e.g., web servers,email servers, databases, or storage arrays), relationshipstherebetween, as well as services that involve multiple individualconfiguration items.

Placing the tasks in task list 502 may trigger or otherwise cause proxyservers 312 to begin discovery. Alternatively or additionally, discoverymay be manually triggered or automatically triggered based on triggeringevents (e.g., discovery may automatically begin once per day at aparticular time).

In general, discovery may proceed in four logical phases: scanning,classification, identification, and exploration. Each phase of discoveryinvolves various types of probe messages being transmitted by proxyservers 312 to one or more devices in managed network 300. The responsesto these probes may be received and processed by proxy servers 312, andrepresentations thereof may be transmitted to CMDB 500. Thus, each phasecan result in more configuration items being discovered and stored inCMDB 500.

In the scanning phase, proxy servers 312 may probe each IP address inthe specified range of IP addresses for open Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP) and/or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ports to determinethe general type of device. The presence of such open ports at an IPaddress may indicate that a particular application is operating on thedevice that is assigned the IP address, which in turn may identify theoperating system used by the device. For example, if TCP port 135 isopen, then the device is likely executing a WINDOWS® operating system.Similarly, if TCP port 22 is open, then the device is likely executing aUNIX® operating system, such as LINUX®. If UDP port 161 is open, thenthe device may be able to be further identified through the SimpleNetwork Management Protocol (SNMP). Other possibilities exist. Once thepresence of a device at a particular IP address and its open ports havebeen discovered, these configuration items are saved in CMDB 500.

In the classification phase, proxy servers 312 may further probe eachdiscovered device to determine the version of its operating system. Theprobes used for a particular device are based on information gatheredabout the devices during the scanning phase. For example, if a device isfound with TCP port 22 open, a set of UNIX®-specific probes may be used.Likewise, if a device is found with TCP port 135 open, a set ofWINDOWS®-specific probes may be used. For either case, an appropriateset of tasks may be placed in task list 502 for proxy servers 312 tocarry out. These tasks may result in proxy servers 312 logging on, orotherwise accessing information from the particular device. Forinstance, if TCP port 22 is open, proxy servers 312 may be instructed toinitiate a Secure Shell (SSH) connection to the particular device andobtain information about the operating system thereon from particularlocations in the file system. Based on this information, the operatingsystem may be determined. As an example, a UNIX® device with TCP port 22open may be classified as AIX®, HPUX, LINUX®, MACOS®, or SOLARIS®. Thisclassification information may be stored as one or more configurationitems in CMDB 500.

In the identification phase, proxy servers 312 may determine specificdetails about a classified device. The probes used during this phase maybe based on information gathered about the particular devices during theclassification phase. For example, if a device was classified as LINUX®,a set of LINUX®-specific probes may be used. Likewise, if a device wasclassified as WINDOWS® 2012, as a set of WINDOWS®-2012-specific probesmay be used. As was the case for the classification phase, anappropriate set of tasks may be placed in task list 502 for proxyservers 312 to carry out. These tasks may result in proxy servers 312reading information from the particular device, such as basicinput/output system (BIOS) information, serial numbers, networkinterface information, media access control address(es) assigned tothese network interface(s), IP address(es) used by the particular deviceand so on. This identification information may be stored as one or moreconfiguration items in CMDB 500.

In the exploration phase, proxy servers 312 may determine furtherdetails about the operational state of a classified device. The probesused during this phase may be based on information gathered about theparticular devices during the classification phase and/or theidentification phase. Again, an appropriate set of tasks may be placedin task list 502 for proxy servers 312 to carry out. These tasks mayresult in proxy servers 312 reading additional information from theparticular device, such as processor information, memory information,lists of running processes (applications), and so on. Once more, thediscovered information may be stored as one or more configuration itemsin CMDB 500.

Running discovery on a network device, such as a router, may utilizeSNMP. Instead of or in addition to determining a list of runningprocesses or other application-related information, discovery maydetermine additional subnets known to the router and the operationalstate of the router's network interfaces (e.g., active, inactive, queuelength, number of packets dropped, etc.). The IP addresses of theadditional subnets may be candidates for further discovery procedures.Thus, discovery may progress iteratively or recursively.

Once discovery completes, a snapshot representation of each discovereddevice, application, and service is available in CMDB 500. For example,after discovery, operating system version, hardware configuration, andnetwork configuration details for client devices, server devices, androuters in managed network 300, as well as applications executingthereon, may be stored. This collected information may be presented to auser in various ways to allow the user to view the hardware compositionand operational status of devices, as well as the characteristics ofservices that span multiple devices and applications.

Furthermore, CMDB 500 may include entries regarding dependencies andrelationships between configuration items. More specifically, anapplication that is executing on a particular server device, as well asthe services that rely on this application, may be represented as suchin CMDB 500. For example, suppose that a database application isexecuting on a server device, and that this database application is usedby a new employee onboarding service as well as a payroll service. Thus,if the server device is taken out of operation for maintenance, it isclear that the employee onboarding service and payroll service will beimpacted. Likewise, the dependencies and relationships betweenconfiguration items may be able to represent the services impacted whena particular router fails.

In general, dependencies and relationships between configuration itemsmay be displayed on a web-based interface and represented in ahierarchical fashion. Thus, adding, changing, or removing suchdependencies and relationships may be accomplished by way of thisinterface.

Furthermore, users from managed network 300 may develop workflows thatallow certain coordinated activities to take place across multiplediscovered devices. For instance, an IT workflow might allow the user tochange the common administrator password to all discovered LINUX®devices in a single operation.

In order for discovery to take place in the manner described above,proxy servers 312, CMDB 500, and/or one or more credential stores may beconfigured with credentials for one or more of the devices to bediscovered. Credentials may include any type of information needed inorder to access the devices. These may include userid/password pairs,certificates, and so on. In some embodiments, these credentials may bestored in encrypted fields of CMDB 500. Proxy servers 312 may containthe decryption key for the credentials so that proxy servers 312 can usethese credentials to log on to or otherwise access devices beingdiscovered.

The discovery process is depicted as a flow chart in FIG. 5B. At block520, the task list in the computational instance is populated, forinstance, with a range of IP addresses. At block 522, the scanning phasetakes place. Thus, the proxy servers probe the IP addresses for devicesusing these IP addresses, and attempt to determine the operating systemsthat are executing on these devices. At block 524, the classificationphase takes place. The proxy servers attempt to determine the operatingsystem version of the discovered devices. At block 526, theidentification phase takes place. The proxy servers attempt to determinethe hardware and/or software configuration of the discovered devices. Atblock 528, the exploration phase takes place. The proxy servers attemptto determine the operational state and applications executing on thediscovered devices. At block 530, further editing of the configurationitems representing the discovered devices and applications may takeplace. This editing may be automated and/or manual in nature.

The blocks represented in FIG. 5B are examples. Discovery may be ahighly configurable procedure that can have more or fewer phases, andthe operations of each phase may vary. In some cases, one or more phasesmay be customized, or may otherwise deviate from the exemplarydescriptions above.

In this manner, a remote network management platform may discover andinventory the hardware, software, and services deployed on and providedby the managed network. As noted above, this data may be stored in aCMDB of the associated computational instance as configuration items.For example, individual hardware components (e.g., computing devices,virtual servers, databases, routers, etc.) may be represented ashardware configuration items, while the applications installed and/orexecuting thereon may be represented as software configuration items.

The relationship between a software configuration item installed orexecuting on a hardware configuration item may take various forms, suchas “is hosted on”, “runs on”, or “depends on”. Thus, a databaseapplication installed on a server device may have the relationship “ishosted on” with the server device to indicate that the databaseapplication is hosted on the server device. In some embodiments, theserver device may have a reciprocal relationship of “used by” with thedatabase application to indicate that the server device is used by thedatabase application. These relationships may be automatically foundusing the discovery procedures described above, though it is possible tomanually set relationships as well.

The relationship between a service and one or more softwareconfiguration items may also take various forms. As an example, a webservice may include a web server software configuration item and adatabase application software configuration item, each installed ondifferent hardware configuration items. The web service may have a“depends on” relationship with both of these software configurationitems, while the software configuration items have a “used by”reciprocal relationship with the web service. Services might not be ableto be fully determined by discovery procedures, and instead may rely onservice mapping (e.g., probing configuration files and/or carrying outnetwork traffic analysis to determine service level relationshipsbetween configuration items) and possibly some extent of manualconfiguration.

Regardless of how relationship information is obtained, it can bevaluable for the operation of a managed network. Notably, IT personnelcan quickly determine where certain software applications are deployed,and what configuration items make up a service. This allows for rapidpinpointing of root causes of service outages or degradation. Forexample, if two different services are suffering from slow responsetimes, the CMDB can be queried (perhaps among other activities) todetermine that the root cause is a database application that is used byboth services having high processor utilization. Thus, IT personnel canaddress the database application rather than waste time considering thehealth and performance of other configuration items that make up theservices.

V. EXAMPLE APPLICATION TOPOLOGY MAPS

FIG. 6A depicts network architecture 600, in accordance with exampleembodiments. Network architecture 600 includes managed network 300 andremote network management platform 320, which may be communicativelyconnected by way of a network, such as Internet 350.

Managed network 300 may be an enterprise network used by an entity forcomputing and communication tasks, as well as storage of data. Inexamples, managed network 300 may utilize one or more of the softwareapplications contained within computational instance 322.

Users 630 and users 632 can represent people or sources (e.g., anotherenterprise) that use software applications provided by computationalinstance 322. In example embodiments, users 630 may represent peoplethat work for the entity associated with managed network 300, such asengineers, scientists, managers, accountants, financial analysts, ITstaff, and so on, whereas users 632 may correspond to people outside ofthe entity associated with managed network 300. For simplicity, exampleswill be described using users 630. However, the disclosed principlescould apply in other scenarios with other users as well.

Computational instance 322 may be disposed within remote networkmanagement platform 320 and may be dedicated to managed network 300.Computational instance 322 may store, in CMDB 500, discoveredconfiguration items that represent the environment of managed network300. Additionally, computational instance 322 may include one or moresoftware applications installed therein, such as application 610. Thesesoftware applications could provide various types of services. Forexample, application 610 could be designed to manage and resolveincidents related to various assets (e.g., server devices, printingdevices, or another configuration items) operating within managednetwork 300.

The software applications installed within computational instance 322could be developed by remote network management platform 320, users 630,or some other third-party entity. Further, in line with the discussionabove, the software applications installed within computational instance322 could be formed from one or more application components.

FIG. 6B includes a call out of application 610 that demonstrates howapplication 610 could be formed from one or more application components640. As used herein, an application component may include a softwaremodule that encapsulates at least some of the behavior or data relatedto a software application. An application component could provide one ormore functions for a software application and/or may communicate withother application components to provide compound functions for thesoftware application.

In some embodiments, remote network management platform 320 couldprovide a set of pre-configured application components for softwareapplication development. For instance, remote network managementplatform 320 could provide a pre-configured authentication componentthat verifies user identities. Accordingly, when creating a softwareapplication, an application developer could utilize the pre-definedauthentication component rather than developing a new authenticationcomponent.

Alternatively, application developers could create their own applicationcomponents. The application developers could create applicationcomponents from scratch or from templates provided by remote networkmanagement platform 320. For example, remote network management platform320 may provide a standardized set of widgets for creating graphicaluser interface (GUI) components, and an application developer mayutilize the standardized set of widgets when creating GUI components fora software application.

Application components could be reusable. For instance, an applicationdeveloper could use a data component containing financial records forboth an auditing software application as well as a financial reportingsoftware application.

Application components could have limits to the extent of theircustomization. For example, remote network management platform 320 coulddictate that all application components must be created using a set of Npre-defined functions. While numerous application components could becreated from the set of N pre-defined functions, the extent ofcustomization of those applications is nonetheless limited by the set ofN pre-defined functions.

In example embodiments, application components could be stored withinremote network management platform 320, perhaps in CMDB 500 or anotherdatabase. In order to use an application component, a softwareapplication may reference the location of the application componentwithin remote network management platform 320. Such references could becontained in an application context record associated with the softwareapplication, further details of which are provided below.

Various types of application components may exist. For instance, in FIG.6B, application component(s) 640 are shown to include one or more datacomponents 650, one or more GUI components 660, one or more functionalcomponents 670, and one or more user group components 680.

Data component(s) 650 may be application components that allow forpersistent storage of data related to application 610. For instance, adata component may take the form of a database table physically disposedon CMDB 500 or perhaps another database within remote network managementplatform 320.

GUI component(s) 660 may be application components that allow users toengage with application 610. For instance, a GUI component may containone or more locations in which to display information, and/or one ormore user-selectable items such as buttons or tabs. GUI components cantake on many forms. Some GUI components may be, for instance, web-basedGUI components that can be displayed on a screen of a computing device.In some cases, GUI components may be built using a standardized set ofwidgets that are provided by remote network management platform 320.

Functional component(s) 670 may be application components that containany form of source code, object code, machine code, executableinstructions, build instructions, configuration instructions, or datathat is used to compile and/or execute application 610. For instance, afunctional component may take the form of a shell script that, whenexecuted, accomplishes one or more goals.

User group component(s) 680 may be application components that associateusers of application 610 in some fashion (e.g., based on the type of theuser, geographic location of the user, and/or the job function of theuser). For instance, a user group component may encompass users ofapplication 610 that are part of a human resource (HR) department,whereas another user group component may encompass users of application610 that are part of a finance department. Various permissions could beassigned to a user group component. For example, the finance user groupcomponent may be granted access to financial documents disposed withinapplication 610, whereas the HR user group component might not begranted access to these documents.

Notably, data component(s) 650, GUI component(s) 660, functionalcomponent(s) 670, and user group component(s) 680 are presented for thepurpose of example and are not intended to be limiting with respect tothe embodiments herein. In practice, application component(s) 640 couldinclude other types of application components, or perhaps a differentset of application components than shown in FIG. 6B.

Referring back to FIG. 6A, application topology tool 620 may be disposedwithin remote network management platform 320. Application topology tool620 could take the form of a background process, an executableapplication, or the like. Application topology tool 620 may be grantedaccess to data associated with various software applications installedwithin computational instance 322. For simplicity, examples will now bedescribed using application 610 and data related to application 610.However, the disclosed principles could apply in other scenarios withother software applications as well.

Application topology tool 620 could create an application topology mapfor application 610. This may involve, for example, application topologytool 620 obtaining information related to the application components ofapplication 610 and then building an application topology map usingthose application components. In line with the discussion above, anapplication topology map may be a visual representation, on a web-basedGUI for instance, that depicts the application components of application610 as nodes in a graph. The edges of the graph may represent logicalconnectivity between those nodes. This visual representation allowsusers to rapidly determine the impact of a problematic applicationcomponent on other application components of application 610. Forinstance, rather than viewing, in isolation, the properties of a datacomponent, the data component can be represented as having connectionsto other components that rely upon or support the data component. Thus,if the data component is exhibiting a problem (e.g., has a software bugtherein), the impacted application component(s) can be efficientlydetermined.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example application topology map 700 forapplication 610, in accordance with example embodiments. The nodes inapplication topology map 700 may represent application components ofapplication 610 and the edges in application topology map 700 mayrepresent relationships between application components of application610. Application topology map 700 may be generated for display on thescreen of a computing device, such as computing device 100 or any clientdevice that can access computational instance 322.

The nodes of application topology map 700 may take the form of iconsrelated to the respective functions of application 610. These icons helpcommunicate application component types. As shown in the legend,application topology map 700 uses four different icons: a screen icon, adatabase icon, a gear icon, and a person icon.

The screen icon may be used for nodes that relate to GUI components ofapplication 610. In application topology map 700, developer portal 704and technician portal 720 are both GUI components and thus arerepresented by a screen icon.

The database icon may be used for nodes that relate to data componentsof application 610. In application topology map 700, incidents table708, assets table 712, and department table 714 are each data componentsand thus are represented by a database icon.

The gear icon may be used for nodes that relate to functional componentsof application 610. In application topology map 700, maintenance flow706 and assignment flow 716 are each functional components and thus arerepresented by a gear icon.

The person icon may be used for nodes that relate to user groupcomponents of application 610. In application topology map 700,developer group 702 and technician group 718 are each user groupcomponents and thus are represented by a person icon.

Notably, the screen icon, the database icon, the gear icon, and theperson icon are merely presented for the purpose of example and are notintended to be limiting with respect to the embodiments herein. Othertypes of icons that relate to other types of application components mayalso exist.

In line with the discussion above, application 610 may be designed toresolve incidents related to various assets (e.g., server devices,printing devices, or another configuration items) operating withinmanaged network 300. Accordingly, the nodes and edges in applicationtopology map 700 may help illustrate how application 610 actuallyachieves its designed objectives.

For instance, application topology map 700 contains developer group 702.Developer group 702 could be a user group component that encompassesapplication developers. These application developers may be responsiblefor creating and maintaining various software applications used bymanaged network 300. Further, these application developers may determine(e.g., perhaps while developing a software application) incidentsrelated to assets on managed network 300. For instance, a member ofdeveloper group 702 may determine that a server device operating withinmanaged network 300 is malfunctioning. Application topology map 700shows that upon determining an incident, members from developer group702 may submit a ticket through developer portal 704.

Developer portal 704 could be a GUI component that contains input fieldsfor submitting tickets. Upon receiving a ticket from a member ofdeveloper group 702, application topology map 700 shows how developerportal 704 could insert a corresponding entry for that ticket inincidents table 708. In practice, developer portal 704 could do this byinitiating a POST request to an application programing interface (API)endpoint associated with incidents table 708. However, other ways ofinserting entries are also possible.

Alternatively and/or additionally, application topology map 700 showsthat entries in incidents table 708 could be inserted via maintenanceflow 706. Maintenance flow 706 may be a functional component thatcontinuously monitors the health of various assets disposed withinmanaged network 300. Application topology map 700 shows that upondetermining that an incident has occurred, maintenance flow 706 couldinsert a corresponding entry for that incident in incidents table 708.

Incidents table 708 may be a data component configured to storeinformation related to various incidents. In practice, incidents table708 could store this information in a series of rows and columns, withthe rows corresponding to incidents and the columns corresponding toattributes of those incidents. The attributes may include, for example,the entity that reported the incident (e.g., the particular member fromdeveloper group 702), a timestamp for when the incident was submitted,and so on.

Application topology map 700 shows that incidents table 708 may extendfrom task table 710. That is, incidents table 708 may contain all of theattributes of task table 710 (however, task table 710 need not containall of the attributes of incidents table 708.) In the presentdisclosure, such a relationship may be referred to as a “parent-child”relationship, with task table 710 being the “parent” and incidents table708 being the “child”. Additional details about “parent-child”relationships are provided below.

Application topology map 700 also shows that incidents table 708 maycontain references to attributes of assets table 712. In the presentdisclosure, such a relationship may be referred to as a “reference”relationship, with incidents table 708 being the “referring” table andassets table 712 being the “referred to” table. Further, applicationtopology map 700 shows that assets table 712 may contain references todepartment table 714. Additional details about “reference” relationshipsare provided below.

Application topology map 700 shows that assignment flow 716 couldresolve incidents from incidents table 708. In examples herein,assignment flow 716 could be a functional component that assesses andassigns incidents in incidents table 708 to members of technician group718. For instance, incidents table 708 may contain an attribute thatindicates whether or not a given incident has been resolved. Assignmentflow 716 could monitor that attribute and then, upon determining that anincident has yet to be resolved, could assign that incident to a memberof technician group 718. Once the incident is resolved, assignment flow716 could update incidents table 708. For instance, upon receiving anotification from technician portal 720 that the incident has beenresolved by a member of technician group 718, assignment flow 716 couldlocate that incident in incidents table 708 and update that incident toindicate that the incident has been resolved.

Technician group 718 may be a user group component that encompassestechnicians of managed network 300. These technicians may be responsiblefor maintaining and supporting various assets disposed within managednetwork 300. Application topology map 700 shows how members oftechnician group 718 could be assigned by assignment flow 716 to addressincidents from incidents table 708. For instance, a member of techniciangroup 718 may be assigned to address an incident related to a serverdevice operating within managed network 300. Application topology map700 shows that upon resolving the incident (e.g., updating firmware,replacing a malfunctioning battery, etc.), members of technician group718 may submit a ticket via technician portal 720.

Technician portal 720 may be a GUI component that contains input fieldsfor submitting tickets. Application topology map 700 shows that uponreceiving a ticket submission from a member of technician group 718,technician portal 720 could notify assignment flow 716. In practice, thenotification could contain information on the resolved incident,including the timestamp for when the incident was resolved, the name ofthe technician assigned to the incident, and so on. To do this,technician portal 720 could initiate a POST request to an API endpointassociated with assignment flow 716. However, other ways of notifyingassignment flow 716 are also possible.

Notably, the arrangement of application topology map 700 is used merelyfor purposes of illustration and is not intended to be limiting withrespect to the embodiment herein. In practice, various arrangements ofapplication topology map 700 may exist. For example, more or fewer nodeswith potentially different edges may be present.

VI. INTELLIGENT DETERMINATION OF APPLICATION TOPOLOGY MAPS

FIG. 8 illustrates procedure 800, in accordance with exampleembodiments. In some examples, application topology tool 620 couldperform procedure 800 to generate application topology map 700 forapplication 610. Despite procedure 800 containing particular blocksarranged in a particular order, more or fewer blocks may be performed ina different order without departing from the embodiments herein.

Procedure 800 may begin at block 810, where application topology tool620 identifies the application components that form application 610. Todo this, application topology tool 620 could consult an applicationcontext record associated with application 610, although other ways ofidentifying application components are also possible.

As an example related to block 810, FIG. 9 contains application contextrecord 900. In embodiments herein, application context record 900 couldbe a file, series of database tables, or the like that stores metadatarelated to application 610. For instance, application context record 900could contain the name of application 610, the version of application610, and so on. Application context record 900 could be disposed withinremote network management platform 320, perhaps in CMDB 500 or anotherdatabase.

In example embodiments, application context record 900 may containreferences to the application components that form application 610.These references could take the form of path names to specific locationswithin remote network management platform 320. For example, applicationcontext record 900 could reference developer group 910 through thepathname “/USERS/GROUPS/DEVELOPER,” reference developer portal 920through the pathname “/UI/PORTALS/DEVELOPER,” and reference incidentstable 708 through the pathname “/APP DATA/TABLES/INCIDENTS.” Other waysof referencing application components are also possible.

Returning back to FIG. 8 , at block 820, application topology tool 620could determine the types of relationships between the applicationcomponents identified at block 810. This could involve, for example,determining “parent-child” relationships between application components,“reference” relationships between application components, whether oneapplication component extends from another application component, amongother possibilities. Application topology tool 620 could determine therelationship types by analyzing schemas associated with the applicationcomponents of application 610, source code files associated with theapplication components of application 610, or other pieces of datarelated to the application components of application 610.

As an illustrative example related to block 820, FIG. 10A shows anexample schema 1000 that contains five tables: incidents table 1012,assets table 1014, assets/department table 1016, department table 1018,and task table 1020. Each of these tables may be configured and/orarranged by remote network management platform 320 or by users 630. Forinstance, task table 1020 and department table 1018 could be defaultdatabase tables that are provided by remote network management platform320, whereas incidents table 1012 and assets table 1014 could bedatabase tables that are configured by users 630 for use in application610.

Schema 1000 shows how incidents table 1012 has a one to one relationshipwith task table 1020 and a many to one relationship with assets table1014. Schema 1000 also shows how assets table 1014 and department table1018 have a many to many relationship that is facilitated viaassets/department table 1016. These relationships may be configuredand/or arranged by remote network management platform 320 or by users630. For instance, the one to one relationship between incidents table1012 and task table 1020 may be configured by users 630 upon theinstantiation of incidents table 1012. In some implementations, users630 could configure such relationships via a schema design tool providedby remote network management platform 320, or perhaps by other means.

In the examples herein, incidents table 1012, assets table 1014,department table 1018, and task table 1020 could be referenced by anapplication context record associated with application 610 and thus maybe considered as application components of application 610. Accordingly,application topology tool 610 may be configured to analyze therelationships in schema 1000 and then store those relationships inrelationship table 1030. For instance, to capture the relationshipbetween incidents table 1012 and task table 1020, application topologytool 620 could add to relationship table 1030 an entry contains: (i) areference to task table 1020, (ii) a reference to incidents table 1012,and (iii) the type of relationship between task table 1020 and incidentstable 1012. Because task table 1020 has a one to one relationship withincidents table 1012 in schema 1000, the relationship type between tasktable 1020 and incidents table 1012 may be considered as a “EXTENDSFROM” relationship type. Similarly, to capture the relationship betweenincidents table 1012 and assets table 1014, application topology tool620 could add to relationship table 1030 an entry contains: (i) areference to incidents table 1012, (ii) a reference to assets table1014, and (iii) the type of relationship between incidents table 1012and assets table 1014. Because incidents table 1012 has a many to onerelationship with assets table 1014 in schema 1000, the relationshiptype between incidents table 1012 and assets table 1014 may beconsidered as a “REFRENCE” relationship type.

Notice how schema 1000 contains assets/department table 1016, butapplication topology map 700 does not contain any nodes that correspondto assets/department table 1016. This is because application topologytool 620 could be configured to ignore such linking tables whengenerating application topology maps. Instead, application topology tool620 may represent assets/department table 1016 as a bilateralrelationship between assets table 1014 and department table 1018. Thatis, application topology tool 620 may add two entries in relationshiptable 1030 to capture assets/department table 1016: one entry whereassets table 1014 “references” department table 1018, and one entry inwhich department table 1018 “references” assets table 1014.

During operations, application topology tool 620 could refer to theentries in relationship table 1030 to determine whether an edge shouldbe displayed between the nodes of an application topology map. Asdiscussed below, application topology tool 620 could visually depict aspecific relationship type by using unique colors for the edgescorresponding to that relationship type, using unique line format (e.g.,a dash type, a line weight) for edges corresponding to that relationshiptype, or by including a textual description next to edges correspondingto that relationship type. For example, application topology tool 620could visually distinguish a “parent-child” relationship between twoapplication components using a red color for the edge, using a dashedline format for the edge, or by including a textual description next tothe edge. Other ways of distinguishing relationship types are alsopossible.

As another example related to block 820, FIG. 10B depicts source codefile 1040. For the purpose of example, source code file 1040 is shown tocorrespond to assignment flow 716. However, in practice, source codefile 1040 may correspond to any one of application component(s) 640,including any one of data component(s) 650, GUI component(s) 660,functional(s) component 670, user group component(s) 680, or other typeof application component. Source code file 1040 may be disposed withinremote network management platform 320, perhaps in CMDB 500 or anotherdatabase. In some examples, source code file 1040 can have more, fewer,and/or different types of content than indicated in FIG. 10B.

In example embodiments, application topology tool 620 could beconfigured to locate certain statements of interest within source codefile 1040. These statements of interest may correspond to certainvariable names, certain function names, or other types of statements.

For instance, as shown in FIG. 10B, source code file 1040 contains twoimport statements: import statement 1050, which imports “DATA.INCIDENTS”into source code file 1040, and import statement 1052, which imports“USERS.TECHNICIANS” into source code file 1052. During operations,application topology tool 620 could scan source code file 1040, locatethose import statement, and determine that source code file 1040contains references to “DATA.INCIDENTS” and “USERS.TECHNICIANS”. Uponthat determination, application topology tool 620 could conclude thatapplication flow 716 has a relationship with incidents table 708 and arelationship with technician group 718.

Application topology tool 620 could then store those relationships inrelationship table 1070. For instance, to capture the relationshipbetween incidents table 708 and assignment flow 716, applicationtopology tool 620 could add to relationship table 1070 an entrycontains: (i) a reference to incidents table 708, (ii) a reference toassignment flow 716, and (iii) the type of relationship betweenincidents table 708 and assignment flow 716. Because assignment flow 716refers to incidents table 708 in source code file 1040, the relationshiptype between incidents table 708 and assignment flow 716 may beconsidered as a “REFRENCE” relationship type. Similarly, to capture therelationship between technician group 718 and assignment flow 716,application topology tool 620 could add to relationship table 1070 anentry contains: (i) a reference to technician group 718, (ii) areference to assignment flow 716, and (iii) the type of relationshipbetween technician group 718 and assignment flow 716. Because assignmentflow 716 refers to technician group 718 in source code file 1040, therelationship type between technician group 718 and assignment flow 716may be considered as a “REFRENCE” relationship type.

During operations, application topology tool 620 could refer to theentries in relationship table 1070 to determine whether an edge shouldbe displayed between the nodes of an application topology map. Asdiscussed below, application topology tool 620 could visually depict aspecific relationship type by using unique colors for the edgescorresponding to that relationship type, using unique line format (e.g.,a dash type, a line weight) for edges corresponding to that relationshiptype, or by including a textual description next to edges correspondingto that relationship type. For example, application topology tool 620could visually distinguish a “reference” relationship between twoapplication components using a blue color for the edge, using a solidline format for the edge, or by including a textual description next tothe edge. Other ways of distinguishing relationship types are alsopossible.

Returning back to FIG. 8 , at block 830, application topology tool 620could determine one or more application topology map modifications. Todo this, application topology tool 620 could refer to a pre-configuredtopology specification disposed within remote network managementplatform 320, although other ways of applying application topology mapmodifications are possible.

As an illustrative example related to block 830, FIG. 11 shows anexample scenario 1100 that contains topology specification 1110 andmodified application topology map 1120.

Topology specification 1110 could be a file, database table(s), or thelike that is disposed within remote network management platform 320 andassociated with application 610. Remote network management platform 320may prompt users 630 to enter appropriate data for topologyspecification 1110. This may be accomplished by way of a web page orseries of web pages hosted by remote network management platform 320 andprovided to users 630 upon request. The data entered into topologyspecification 1110 could specify modifications that application topologytool 620 should make when displaying application topology maps.

For example, topology specification 1110 is shown to include two datarecords: an array titled “ICON IGNORE” and an array titled “NODEIGNORE.” The “ICON IGNORE” array contains two entries: “FUNCTIONAL” and“GUI”. The “NODE IGNORE” array contains one entry: “TASKS”. Applicationtopology tool 620 could read the data records from topologyspecification 1110 to determine modifications that should be made whendisplaying an application topology map for application 610. In theexample shown in FIG. 11 , these modifications are represented bymodified application topology map 1120, which may be a modified versionof application topology map 700 from FIG. 7 .

As may be seen by comparing application topology map 700 to modifiedapplication topology map 1120, modified application topology map 1120does not include nodes that are associated with the display icon (e.g.,developer portal 704 and technician portal 720). This modification maybe the result of the “FUNCTIONAL” entry in the “ICON IGNORE” array oftopology specification 1110. Additionally, modified application topologymap 1120 does not include nodes that are associated with the gear icon(e.g., maintenance flow 706 and assignment flow 716). This modificationmay be the result of the “GUI” entry in the “ICON IGNORE” array oftopology specification 1110. Further, modified application topology map1120 does not include tasks table 710. This modification may be theresult of the “TASKS” entry in the “NODE IGNORE” array of topologyspecification 1110.

Notably, the entries and arrangement of topology specification 1110 aremerely used for example and are not intended to be limiting with respectto the embodiments herein. Other entries and arrangements of topologyspecification 1110 are also possible.

Returning back to FIG. 8 , at block 840, application topology tool 620could generate and display an application topology map using the resultsfrom blocks 810, 820, and 830. For example, application topology tool620 could display could the application components identified at block810 as nodes in the application topology map. Then, application topologytool 620 could display the determined relationship from block 820 asedges between the nodes. Concurrently, application topology tool 620could use the modifications determined at block 830 to modified theedges/nodes. After the generating, application topology tool 620 coulddisplay the application topology map, perhaps on a graphical userinterface, a web application, or the like.

VII. EXAMPLE OPERATIONS

FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an example embodiment. The processillustrated by FIG. 12 may be carried out by a computing device, such ascomputing device 100, and/or a cluster of computing devices, such asserver cluster 200. However, the process can be carried out by othertypes of devices or device subsystems. For example, the process could becarried out by a computational instance of a remote network managementplatform, one or more processors disposed within a remote networkmanagement platform, or a portable computer, such as a laptop or atablet device.

The embodiments of FIG. 12 may be simplified by the removal of any oneor more of the features shown therein. Further, these embodiments may becombined with features, aspects, and/or implementations of any of theprevious figures or otherwise described herein.

Block 1200 involves receiving, from a client device, a request togenerate an application topology map for a software application from aplurality of software applications installed on a system, where thesystem includes persistent storage containing application components,and where the plurality of software applications have respectivelyassociated application context records that include references to one ormore of the application components that provide at least some behavioror data related to the plurality of software applications.

Block 1210 involves identifying, based on an application context recordassociated with the software application, a subset of applicationcomponents that provide at least some behavior or data related to thesoftware application.

Block 1220 involves determining, based on the subset of applicationcomponents, relationship types between pairs of application componentsfrom the subset of application components.

Block 1230 involves generating an application topology map for thesoftware application, where the subset of application components arerepresented as nodes in the application topology map, and where edgesbetween the nodes are defined based on the relationship types betweencorresponding pairs of application components.

Block 1240 involves providing, for display on the client device, arepresentation of the application topology map.

In some embodiments, the application components have associatedapplication component types and generating the application topology mapincludes representing nodes for application components with unique iconsper component type.

In some embodiments, generating the application topology map includesrepresenting edges with unique colors or unique line types perrelationship type.

In some embodiments, determining relationship types between pairs ofapplication components includes: determining that a pair of applicationcomponents from the subset of application components is stored in thepersistent storage in a pair of database tables; and identifying arelationship type between the pair of application components based on aschema associated with the pair of database tables.

In some embodiments, determining relationship types between pairs ofapplication components includes: determining that a first applicationcomponent from the subset of application components is stored in thepersistent storage at least in part as a source code file; locatingstatements within the source code file relating to a second applicationcomponent from the subset of application components; and identifying arelationship type between the first application component and the secondapplication component based on the statements within the source codefile.

In some embodiments, the persistent storage contains a specificationrelated to the software application. In such embodiments, thespecification contains references to at least some of the applicationcomponents in the subset of application components, and generating theapplication topology map involves omitting, from the applicationtopology map, the application components referenced in thespecification.

In some embodiments, at least one of the application components arepre-defined by the system.

In some embodiments, the references include pathnames to locations ofthe application components within the system.

In some embodiments, reception of the application topology map by theclient device causes the client device to display the applicationtopology map on a graphical user interface.

Some embodiments include receiving, from the client device, a secondrequest to generate a second application topology map for a secondsoftware application from the plurality of software applications, wherethe second software application is different than the softwareapplication. Such embodiments may further include identifying, based ona second application context record associated with the second softwareapplication, a second subset of application components that provide atleast some behavior or data related to the second software application.Such embodiments may even further include determining, based on thesecond subset of application components, relationship types betweenpairs of application components from the second subset of applicationcomponents. Such embodiments may also include generating a secondapplication topology map for the second software application, where thesecond subset of application components are represented as nodes in thesecond application topology map, and where edges between the nodes aredefined based on the relationship types between corresponding pairs ofapplication components from the second subset of application components.Such embodiments may additionally include providing, for display on theclient device, a second representation of the second applicationtopology map.

In some embodiments, the second subset of application components and thesubset of application components share at least one applicationcomponent.

In some embodiments, a system may include means for receiving, from aclient device, a request to generate an application topology map for asoftware application from a plurality of software applications installedon the system. Such a system may include persistent storage containingapplication components, and where the plurality of software applicationshave respectively associated application context records that includereferences to one or more of the application components that provide atleast some behavior or data related to the plurality of softwareapplications. The system may also include means for identifying, basedon an application context record associated with the softwareapplication, a subset of application components that provide at leastsome behavior or data related to the software application. The systemmay further include determining, based on the subset of applicationcomponents, relationship types between pairs of application componentsfrom the subset of application components. The system may additionallyinclude means for generating, an application topology map for thesoftware application, wherein the subset of application components arerepresented as nodes in the application topology map, and wherein edgesbetween the nodes are defined based on the relationship types betweencorresponding pairs of application components. The system may furtherinclude means for providing, for display on the client device, arepresentation of the application topology map.

VIII. CLOSING

The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particularembodiments described in this application, which are intended asillustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations canbe made without departing from its scope, as will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuseswithin the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those describedherein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoingdescriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fallwithin the scope of the appended claims.

The above detailed description describes various features and operationsof the disclosed systems, devices, and methods with reference to theaccompanying figures. The example embodiments described herein and inthe figures are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments can beutilized, and other changes can be made, without departing from thescope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readilyunderstood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generallydescribed herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged,substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety ofdifferent configurations.

With respect to any or all of the message flow diagrams, scenarios, andflow charts in the figures and as discussed herein, each step, block,and/or communication can represent a processing of information and/or atransmission of information in accordance with example embodiments.Alternative embodiments are included within the scope of these exampleembodiments. In these alternative embodiments, for example, operationsdescribed as steps, blocks, transmissions, communications, requests,responses, and/or messages can be executed out of order from that shownor discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order,depending on the functionality involved. Further, more or fewer blocksand/or operations can be used with any of the message flow diagrams,scenarios, and flow charts discussed herein, and these message flowdiagrams, scenarios, and flow charts can be combined with one another,in part or in whole.

A step or block that represents a processing of information cancorrespond to circuitry that can be configured to perform the specificlogical functions of a herein-described method or technique.Alternatively or additionally, a step or block that represents aprocessing of information can correspond to a module, a segment, or aportion of program code (including related data). The program code caninclude one or more instructions executable by a processor forimplementing specific logical operations or actions in the method ortechnique. The program code and/or related data can be stored on anytype of computer readable medium such as a storage device including RAM,a disk drive, a solid state drive, or another storage medium.

The computer readable medium can also include non-transitory computerreadable media such as computer readable media that store data for shortperiods of time like register memory and processor cache. The computerreadable media can further include non-transitory computer readablemedia that store program code and/or data for longer periods of time.Thus, the computer readable media may include secondary or persistentlong term storage, like ROM, optical or magnetic disks, solid statedrives, or compact-disc read only memory (CD-ROM), for example. Thecomputer readable media can also be any other volatile or non-volatilestorage systems. A computer readable medium can be considered a computerreadable storage medium, for example, or a tangible storage device.

Moreover, a step or block that represents one or more informationtransmissions can correspond to information transmissions betweensoftware and/or hardware modules in the same physical device. However,other information transmissions can be between software modules and/orhardware modules in different physical devices.

The particular arrangements shown in the figures should not be viewed aslimiting. It should be understood that other embodiments can includemore or less of each element shown in a given figure. Further, some ofthe illustrated elements can be combined or omitted. Yet further, anexample embodiment can include elements that are not illustrated in thefigures.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purpose ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopebeing indicated by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: identifying a plurality ofapplication components that relate to a software application;determining relationship types between application components from theplurality of application components, wherein a first applicationcomponent of the plurality of application components is stored as asource code file; locating statements within the source code filerelating to a second application component of the plurality ofapplication components; identifying a relationship type between thefirst application component and the second application component basedon the statements within the source code file; generating an applicationtopology map, in which the application components are represented asnodes, and in which edges between the nodes are defined based on therelationship types between corresponding pairs of the applicationcomponents; and providing, for display, a representation of theapplication topology map.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein identifyingthe plurality of application components that relate to the softwareapplication is based on an application context record containingmetadata relating to the software application.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein determining the relationship types between the applicationcomponents comprises determining the relationship types between pairs ofthe application components.
 4. The method of claim 1, whereinidentifying the plurality of application components that relate to thesoftware application occurs in response to receiving a request togenerate the application topology map.
 5. The method of claim 1, whereinthe application components have associated application component types,and wherein generating the application topology map includesrepresenting nodes for application components with unique icons percomponent type.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein generating theapplication topology map includes representing edges with unique colorsor unique line types per relationship type.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein determining the relationship types between the applicationcomponents comprises: determining that a pair of application componentsfrom the application components is stored in a pair of database tables;and identifying a relationship type between the pair of applicationcomponents based on a schema associated with the pair of databasetables.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a specification related to thesoftware application contains references to at least some of theapplication components in the application components, and whereingenerating the application topology map involves omitting, from theapplication topology map, the application components referenced in thespecification.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of theapplication components are pre-defined.
 10. The method of claim 1,wherein the software application is associated with references to one ormore of the application components, wherein the references comprisepathnames to locations of the application components.
 11. The method ofclaim 1, wherein reception of the application topology map by a clientdevice causes the client device to display the application topology mapon a graphical user interface.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein theapplication components include one or more of user interface widgets,database tables, or user authentication services.
 13. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium, having stored thereon program instructionsthat, upon execution by one or more processors disposed within acomputing system, cause the computing system to perform operationscomprising: identifying a plurality of application components thatrelate to a software application; determining relationship types betweenapplication components from the plurality of application components,wherein a first application component of the plurality of applicationcomponents is stored as a source code file; locating statements withinthe source code file relating to a second application component of theplurality of application components; identifying a relationship typebetween the first application component and the second applicationcomponent based on the statements within the source code file;generating an application topology map, in which the applicationcomponents are represented as nodes, and in which edges between thenodes are defined based on the relationship types between correspondingpairs of the application components; and providing, for display, arepresentation of the application topology map.
 14. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein determining therelationship types between the application components comprisesdetermining the relationship types between pairs of the applicationcomponents.
 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13,wherein identifying the plurality of application components that relateto the software application occurs in response to receiving a request togenerate the application topology map.
 16. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the application componentshave associated application component types, and wherein generating theapplication topology map includes representing nodes for applicationcomponents with unique icons per component type.
 17. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein generating the applicationtopology map includes representing edges with unique colors or uniqueline types per relationship type.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein determining therelationship types between the application components comprises:determining that a pair of application components from the applicationcomponents is stored in a pair of database tables; and identifying arelationship type between the pair of application components based on aschema associated with the pair of database tables.
 19. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein thesoftware application is associated with references to one or more of theapplication components, wherein the references comprise pathnames tolocations of the application components.
 20. A computing systemcomprising: one or more processors; and memory, storing programinstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe computing system to perform operations including: identifying aplurality of application components that relate to a softwareapplication; determining relationship types between applicationcomponents from the plurality of application components, wherein a firstapplication component of the plurality of application components isstored as a source code file; locating statements within the source codefile relating to a second application component of the plurality ofapplication components; identifying a relationship type between thefirst application component and the second application component basedon the statements within the source code file; generating an applicationtopology map, in which the application components are represented asnodes, and in which edges between the nodes are defined based on therelationship types between corresponding pairs of the applicationcomponents; and providing, for display, a representation of theapplication topology map.